There are various forms of ovarian cysts, the majority of which are painless and harmless (benign). Ovarian cysts rarely cause symptoms. You won’t know unless your doctor discovers one during a normal pelvic exam or imaging treatment.

Ovarian cysts can occasionally create difficulties. Regular pelvic checks and communicating with your doctor about any symptoms you may be experiencing can help prevent cyst concerns.

What are the different types of Ovarian Cysts?

The majority of ovarian cysts are functioning cysts. They form in response to changes in your body during your menstrual cycle. Ovarian cysts can occur for reasons other than menstruation.

• Functional Cysts : Functional cysts are the most frequent type of ovarian cyst and are not associated with any disease. They are caused by ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary). These cysts may indicate that your ovaries are functioning normally. Without particular therapy, functional cysts usually decrease with time, usually within 60 days.
• Cysts of the follicle : Each month, a little sac in your ovary called a follicle releases an egg as part of your menstrual cycle. When a follicle fails to release an egg, a follicular cyst occurs. Instead, the follicle fills with fluid and expands.
• Cysts of the corpus luteum : The corpus luteum is a hormone-producing clump of cells formed after the follicle releases an egg.

Other cysts include:

Not all ovarian cysts develop as a result of your menstrual cycle. They aren’t usually symptoms of disease, but your doctor may want to keep an eye on them to make sure they don’t lead to issues. They are as follows:

• Cystadenomas : They are cysts that develop on the surface of your ovary. They might be filled with thin, watery fluid or thicker, mucus-like fluid.
• Cysts of the dermis (teratomas) : Dermoid cysts are made up of cells that make up every form of tissue in the human body, including skin, hair, teeth, and even brain tissue.
• Endometriomas : They are cysts filled with endometrial tissue, the same tissue from which you bleed every month during your period.
• Cancer of the ovaries : In contrast to the previous disorders, ovarian cancer cysts (tumours) are solid masses of cancer cells.

Who are the people who are impacted by ovarian cysts?

An ovarian cyst can occur in anyone who has ovaries. Your odds improve as a result of:

• Age – If you haven’t gone through menopause, ovarian cysts are more common.
• Pregnancy – Cysts are more likely to form and persist during pregnancy.
• Ovarian cyst history – If you’ve had one previously, you’re more likely to get another.
• Current medical conditions – You are more prone to develop an ovarian cyst if you have endometriosis, hormone disorders, or are taking ovulation-inducing drugs such as clomiphene (Clomid).

Are ovarian cysts common?

Ovarian cysts are fairly frequent, particularly if you have not yet reached menopause. The most frequent type of ovarian cyst is a functional cyst.

Are ovarian cysts dangerous?

No, usually. Most ovarian cysts are innocuous, and they usually fade away on their own. Some cysts are more prone to develop malignancy or cause difficulties, but this is uncommon. Cancerous ovarian cysts account for less than 1% of all cases. In addition, your provider can constantly monitor any suspicious cysts to limit your risk of problems.

What is the cause of an ovarian cyst?

Ovulation is the most common cause of ovarian cysts. Other factors include:

• Atypical cell reproduction – It can result in the formation of cysts such as dermoids and cystadenomas.
• Endometriosis – In the latter phases of endometriosis, these cysts frequently occur on the ovary.
• PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)– Severe pelvic infections can travel to your ovaries and cause cysts.

What are the symptoms and indicators of an ovarian cyst?

Some smaller cysts are asymptomatic. In many circumstances, you may be unaware that you have a cyst. Larger cysts may result in:

• Pelvic discomfort or a dull soreness in your back.
• A sensation of fullness (bloating) in your lower abdomen that may be more pronounced on one side of your body.
• Intercourse discomfort (dyspareunia).

If these symptoms persist, you may have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a hormonal disorder that causes irregular periods and other hormone-related issues such as obesity and infertility. Other symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome include hirsutism (excessive body hair growth) and weight loss problems.

What does it feel like to have an ovarian cyst?

The symptoms of an ovarian cyst differ from person to person. You may experience:

• Less or no pain.
• Mild discomfort or a sense of being stuffed.
• Pain that can be described as either sharp or dull.
• Pain or discomfort that comes and goes without explanation.

Can you gain weight if you have an ovarian cyst?

Yes. Bloating caused by cysts might contribute to weight gain. Some cysts produce hormones that might promote weight gain.

What are the risks of an ovarian cyst?

• Cyst cancer – After menopause ovarian cysts are more likely to be malignant than cysts that originate before menopause.
• Ovarian cyst rupture – Functional cysts frequently explode without presenting any symptoms. A ruptured cyst, on the other hand, can cause considerable pain and swelling in your abdomen. The larger it is, the more likely it is to break.
• Torsion of the ovaries – Cysts can develop so large that they deform the curvature of your ovary, increasing the chances of it twisting.

How is an ovarian cyst identified?

Your doctor will first rule out pregnancy as a possible cause of your symptoms. The following tests may then be used to diagnose an ovarian cyst:

• Pelvic Exam – A pelvic exam will be performed in which your physician will feel inside your pelvis for any lumps or changes.
• Ultrasound imaging – This creates images of your body’s internal organs by using sound waves. It can detect cysts on your ovaries, as well as their location and whether they are mostly fluid or solid.
• Laparoscopy – This is a surgical technique that takes place in an operating room. Through an incision (cut) in your belly, your physician inserts a camera to observe your reproductive organs and pelvic cavity. If your provider detects a cyst at this time, it can be removed.

Ovarian cyst removal surgery

If a cyst is causing symptoms and growing in size, it may require surgery to be removed. The type of surgery is determined by the size of the cyst and its appearance on an ultrasound. Among the various procedures employed are:

• Laparoscopy: This is a technique in which your physician puts a small camera into your belly through a small incision. They use the equipment to examine your reproductive organs and pelvic cavity. The ovarian cyst can be removed with little incisions (ovarian cystectomy).
• Laparotomy: If the cyst is particularly large or if there are other issues, your provider may conduct this operation.

If your doctor detects cancer, she or he may consult with a cancer specialist, sometimes known as a gynaecological oncologist, about your best treatment options.

Is it possible to avoid ovarian cysts?

Taking hormone-containing drugs (such as birth control tablets) will prevent ovulation. According to certain research, the tablet lowers the recurrence of some cysts.

Ovarian cysts are usually innocuous enough that prophylaxis is unnecessary. Instead, make a note of any symptoms that may indicate a cyst and notify your clinician. Schedule regular pelvic exams so your doctor can detect any cysts that need to be treated.

What should I do if I have an ovarian cyst?

The majority of cysts are functioning and will likely disappear within a few months. Follow-up imaging may be required to ensure that a cyst is not expanding. If your provider notices a cyst that could create difficulties in the future, listen to their advice carefully. Your doctor may advise you to wait it out, prescribe medicine, or a combination of the two. Surgery may be required for more serious cysts.

When should I worry about an ovarian cyst?

Cysts that cause symptoms and continue to increase in size require more frequent monitoring than cysts that do not. Keep track of any symptoms you’re having so you may inform your healthcare physician. Follow their recommendations for how frequently you should schedule checkups to monitor any suspicious cysts.

When should I contact my physician?

If any of the following occur, contact your doctor:

• Your menstrual cycles are irregular, late, or uncomfortable.
• Your abdominal ache is not going away.
• Your abdomen swells or becomes huge.
• You are having difficulty urinating
• You experience discomfort during intercourse.
• You are experiencing abdominal fullness (bloating), pressure, or discomfort.
• You shed weight for no apparent reason.
• You are generally unwell.

If you detect any of the following symptoms of ovarian torsion, get immediate medical attention:

• Severe stomach discomfort that occurs unexpectedly and is accompanied by vomiting or fever.
• Feeling dizzy or faint, and breathing quickly.
• Skin that’s cold and slimy.

Colporrhaphy is classified into two categories. Your doctor may conduct one or both of these treatments in conjunction with other procedures to repair vaginal wall abnormalities.

1. Anterior colporrhaphy (also known as cystocele repair): Weakened muscles between your bladder and vagina can cause your bladder to descend onto the front wall of your vagina. This is a kind of POP known as anterior wall prolapse.
2. Posterior colporrhaphy (also known as rectocele repair): Weakened muscles between your rectum and vagina can cause your rectum to droop onto the rear wall of your vagina. This is a kind of POP known as posterior wall prolapse. The muscles in the rear wall that hold your rectum in place are tightened during posterior colporrhaphy.

Is colporrhaphy a serious surgical procedure?

Yes. POP is treated with two types of surgery – obliterative (less invasive) surgery and reconstructive surgery (more invasive). Colporrhaphy is a restorative surgery performed through your vagina. Although colporrhaphy is less intrusive than other reconstructive surgeries that include opening your abdomen to reach your pelvic organs, it is still substantial surgery.

Why is this treatment carried out?

Colporrhaphy can help relieve POP symptoms that are interfering with your health. POP symptoms like urine or faecal incontinence (difficulty managing when you urinate or defecate) and painful intercourse can have a negative impact on your quality of life. Colporrhaphy can correct structural problems in your pelvis, allowing you to avoid the symptoms that these problems produce.

Who is in need of this treatment?

If you meet the following criteria, you may be a candidate for Colporrhaphy:

1. Conservative therapies have had little effect on your POP symptoms. The first line of treatment for POP is non-invasive procedures to strengthen your pelvic floor muscles or keep your organs in position. Pelvic floor exercises (Kegels), devices such as pessaries, and hormone therapy are among the treatments available.
2. You’re having annoying symptoms- Many persons with POP do not have symptoms that interfere with their daily life. Because any surgery has dangers (including colporrhaphy), it may not be worth the risk of consequences if POP isn’t bothering you.
3. You have no intention of having children- Having a kid following a colporrhaphy may increase the likelihood of structural abnormalities and symptoms reappearing. It could be advisable to postpone surgery until you have children.

What is the difference between anterior and posterior colporrhaphy?

Both treatments entail your clinician repositioning sagging organs. They then use dissolvable sutures to reinforce the weaker muscles and tissues that maintain these organs in place. The reinforcements hold your vaginal wall and organs in place.

What occurs prior to colporrhaphy?

Your provider will go over the risks and benefits of colporrhaphy with you so that you have all of the information you need to decide whether or not this surgery is suitable for you.

Your healthcare professional will first administer anaesthetic to make you comfortable. You’ll then be seated at a table with built-in comfortable footrests to support your legs. You’ll lie on your back, legs raised, knees bent at around 90 degrees, and calves supported by footrests. The dorsal lithotomy position provides your physician easy access to your vagina and the tissue between your vagina and anus (perineum).

When you’re in a good place, your provider will:

• Insert a bladder catheter to hold your pee during the procedure and provide either general anaesthesia (you’re unconscious) or regional anaesthesia (you’re numb but aware).
• Widen your vagina using a speculum to make it easier to inspect your vaginal walls.
• Make a vertical incision (cut) in your vaginal wall to expose the muscles and tissues.
• To access the weakest sections of your vaginal wall, make small, precise cuts along the top wall of your vagina (for anterior colporrhaphy) or the back wall of your vagina (for posterior colporrhaphy).
• Sew the toughest sections of your vaginal wall together.
• Dissolvable stitches are used to close the incision.

How long does it take to recover from colporrhaphy surgery?

If the weakening muscles are confined to a small portion, surgery could take as little as 30 minutes. If bigger portions of your vaginal wall require healing, colporrhaphy may take longer.

What happens following a Colporrhaphy procedure?

Depending on the amount of your vaginal wall repairs, you may be able to leave the hospital the same day, or you may need to stay overnight.

Immediately following surgery:

• To stop the bleeding, your physician may implant a pack into your vagina. It is typically possible to remove it after 24 hours.
• Your provider will determine if you can pee on your own or if a catheter is required. The majority of catheters can be removed within 48 hours of colporrhaphy.
• You may be given a stool softener or gentle laxative to help you poop without straining mending muscle and tissue.

You may experience the following common adverse effects:

• For a few days after surgery, you may have difficulty entirely emptying your bladder (urinary retention).
• For a few days after surgery, you may experience bloody vaginal discharge.
• For a few weeks after surgery, you may observe a creamy vaginal discharge. The discharge indicates that your body is digesting the sutures.
• You may have vaginal discomfort. It should be gone in four to six weeks.
• Your doctor may advise you to have a check-up four to six weeks after surgery. Follow your provider’s recommendations for scheduling follow-up appointments.

What are the benefits of this method?

Colporrhaphy can alleviate your POP symptoms without requiring a big cut into your belly. The rearranged organs frequently remain in place following surgery, and the symptoms do not reappear. Anterior colporrhaphy has a more mixed success rate. Even after surgery, the front wall of your vagina is the most typical location for an organ to slip out of place. Even if the walls weaken slightly following surgery, colporrhaphy often improves symptoms.

Unlike some treatments for pelvic organ prolapse, such as colpocleisis, you can have intercourse after colporrhaphy once you’ve healed.

What are the risks or side effects of Colporrhaphy?

Although colporrhaphy problems are uncommon, all surgery carries risks. Before surgery, be sure to address risk factors with your clinician, such as your general health and preexisting health concerns.

Among the complications are:

• Constipation.
• Bleeding.
• Intercourse that is painful.
• Anaesthesia-related reaction.
• Infection at the site of the wound.
• Damage to your pelvic organs.
• Infections of the urinary tract (UTIs).
• Incontinence, either urinary or faecal.
• Your surgeon may advise you to use mesh to strengthen your repair.

Types of  Hysterectomy:

1. Total hysterectomy – The uterus and cervix are removed, but the ovaries remain.
2. Supracervical hysterectomy – Removal of only the upper section of the uterus, leaving the cervix intact.
3. Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy  – This procedure involves the removal of the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes (salpingectomy), and ovaries (oophorectomy). If you haven’t gone through menopause yet, removing the ovaries will trigger menopausal symptoms.
4. Radical hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy – The uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, the upper region of the vagina, and some surrounding tissue and lymph nodes are removed during a radical hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. When malignancy is present, this type of hysterectomy is performed.

What is the purpose of a Hysterectomy?

Hysterectomies are performed to treat:

• Vaginal bleeding that is abnormal or excessive and is not controlled by other therapeutic options.
• Severe menstrual discomfort that is not managed by usual treatment techniques
• Uterine fibroids or leiomyomas (noncancerous tumors).
• Increased uterine pain that is not managed by other treatments.
• Uterine prolapse (the uterus “dropping” into the vaginal canal as a result of weakening support muscles) can cause urine incontinence or bowel obstruction.
• Cervical or uterine cancer or anomalies that may develop to cancer in order to avoid cancer.
• Conditions affecting the uterine lining, such as hyperplasia, recurring uterine polyps, or adenomyosis.

What takes place during a Hysterectomy?

Your doctor will determine the type of hysterectomy you require and the best surgical way to execute it. You will be dressed in a hospital gown and linked up to sensors that will track your heart rate. To deliver drugs and fluids, an intravenous (IV) line is inserted into a vein in your arm.

An anaesthesiologist will either give you:

General anaesthesia, in which you will be completely unconscious during the treatment; or Regional anaesthesia (also known as epidural or spinal anaesthesia), in which drugs are administered near the nerves in your lower back to “block” pain while you remain awake.

Your healthcare professional may utilise one of several surgical methods to execute a hysterectomy:

Vaginal Hysterectomy

• Vaginal hysterectomy is the removal of your uterus through an incision at the top of your vagina. There is no visible incision.
• Inside the vagina, dissolvable sutures are used.
• Most typically used to treat uterine prolapse and other benign (or noncancerous) disorders.
• It has the fewest difficulties and the quickest recovery time (up to four weeks) and is regarded as the recommended method.
• Patients are frequently discharged the same day of surgery.

Hysterectomy through Laparoscopy:

• Through a small incision at the belly button, a laparoscope (a thin tube with a video camera on the end) is inserted into the lower abdomen.
• Several other minor incisions are used to implant surgical tools.
• Your uterus can be removed in little sections by abdominal incisions or vaginal incisions.
• Some people leave the hospital the same day or after only one night.
• The recovery period is shorter and less painful than that of an abdominal hysterectomy.

Abdominal Hysterectomy  :

• A six- to eight-inch incision in your abdomen is used to remove your uterus.
• The incision is made across the top of your public hairline or from your belly button to your pubic bone. The wound will be closed with stitches or staples by the surgeon.
• When cancer is involved, the uterus is enlarged, or disease spreads to other pelvic areas, in cases like these- Abdominal Hysterectomy is employed.
• It usually necessitates a lengthier hospital stay (two or three days) as well as a longer healing period.

What are the most prevalent hysterectomy side effects?

Vaginal leakage (which can occur up to six weeks after surgery) and discomfort at the incision sites are two of the most prevalent side effects of a hysterectomy.

You may suffer menopausal symptoms if your ovaries were removed after your hysterectomy.

Some common side effects include:

1. Flashes of heat.
2. Dryness around Vulva.
3. Libido decline.
4. Sleeping problems (insomnia).
5. Your doctor will go over treatment choices with you in order to avoid the aforementioned menopausal side effects.

What happens following a hysterectomy??

The duration you spend in the hospital after a hysterectomy depends on the type of surgery you have. Your doctor will want to keep an eye on you to make sure there are no signs of complications like blood clots or bleeding. To prevent blood clots in your legs, you’ll walk around as soon as feasible after surgery.

If you underwent an abdominal hysterectomy, you could be hospitalised for a few days. Vaginal and laparoscopic hysterectomies are less intrusive and usually do not necessitate an overnight hospital stay.

Your healthcare professional will go over recovery guidelines with you, including limitations on your daily activities. Discuss any worries you may have concerning your operation.

What are the risks of Hysterectomy?

There is always the possibility of complications with any procedure. Problems could include:

• Clots of blood form.
• Infection is severe.
• Bleeding.
• Bowel obstruction.
• Internal stitches have been ripped.
• Urinary tract damage.
• Anaesthesia related issues.

How long does recovery from a Hysterectomy take?

Most women recover after hysterectomy within four to six weeks. Your recovery will be affected by the type of hysterectomy you had and how it was performed. It takes less time to heal after a vaginal or laparoscopic hysterectomy than it does from an abdominal hysterectomy.

You should gradually increase your activities and pay attention to how you feel. If anything gives you pain, you should quit doing it. Discuss detailed instructions for healing at home with your healthcare professional, including which drugs to take.

How will I feel following a Hysterectomy?

1.Physically:

Your periods will end after a hysterectomy. You may occasionally feel bloated and experience symptoms comparable to menstruation. Light vaginal bleeding or a dark brown discharge is usual for four to six weeks after surgery.

You may experience discomfort at the incision site for four to six weeks, and any redness, bruising, or swelling will go away. It is typical to experience burning or itching around the incision. You may also feel numbness around the incision and down your leg. This is normal and often lasts around two months. Scarring, both internally and outwardly, is typical.

If the ovaries are still there, you should not suffer any hormonal effects. If the ovaries were removed along with the uterus prior to menopause, you may suffer menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes. To alleviate menopausal symptoms, your doctor may recommend hormone replacement treatment.

People who have a subtotal hysterectomy may experience a light period for up to a year after the procedure. Because little portions of endometrial lining can stay in the cervix, light periods occur.

2.Emotionally:

Emotional reactions to a hysterectomy differ depending on how well you were prepared for the surgery, the purpose for having it, and whether or not the problem has been addressed.

Some women may experience grief, but these feelings are usually fleeting. Other women may discover that a hysterectomy improves their health and well-being and can even save their lives.

Will I go through menopause after having a Hysterectomy?

This is dependent on whether or not the ovaries were removed. If your ovaries survive a hysterectomy, you will not enter menopause immediately. If both of your ovaries were removed after your hysterectomy, you could go into menopause right away.

Is a Pap test still required if I have undergone a Hysterectomy?

No, especially if you are thought to be at low risk of developing cervical cancer. If you have a hysterectomy due to cancer, you should continue to receive Pap tests.

It is always advisable to a couple who is planning a pregnancy to consult a healthcare provider. The healthcare provider might prescribe a daily prenatal vitamin with folic acid along with a guide to reach a healthy weight before attaining pregnancy. If one has a medical condition, the treatment might need to be adjusted to prepare for pregnancy. Your health care provider might also discuss your risks of having a baby with a genetic condition.

Factors contributing to a high-risk pregnancy include:

• Advanced maternal age: As the age advances, the chances of complexities in pregnancy also rise. The age of 35 and beyond is considered as advanced maternal age.
• Lifestyle choices: Lifestyle choices like smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs during pregnancy can create complications in pregnancy.
• Medical history: If a woman has a medical history of issues like chronic hypertension, diabetes, heart disorders, breathing problems such as poorly controlled asthma, infections, and blood-clotting disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, it may lead complications in pregnancy.
• Surgical history: A history of surgery on your uterus, including multiple C-sections, multiple abdominal surgeries or surgery for uterine tumours (fibroids), can increase pregnancy risks.
• Pregnancy complications: Various complications that develop during pregnancy such as an abnormal placenta position, foetal growth less than the 10th percentile for gestational age (foetal growth restriction) or Rh (rhesus) sensitisation – a potentially serious condition that can occur when a woman’s blood group is Rh negative and the baby’s blood group is Rh positive can pose risks to the mother and the baby.
• Pregnancies with twins or higher: Pregnancy risks are higher for women carrying twins or higher order multiples.

Symptoms of high-risk pregnancy:

During pregnancy, a lady needs to look after health with care. You should look out for the following symptoms which may indicate high-risk pregnancy:

• Vaginal bleeding
• Pain in the lower abdomen
• Watery vaginal discharge
• Regular or frequent contractions — a tightening sensation in the abdomen
• Decreased foetal activity
• Urination with pain

If you experience any of the above symptoms, make sure visit your health care provider as soon as possible.

Care to be taken in high-risk pregnancy:

• Seek regular prenatal care: Prenatal visits can help your health care provider monitor your health and your baby’s health. Depending on the circumstances, you might be referred to a specialist in maternal-foetal medicine, genetics, paediatrics or other areas.
• Consume a healthy diet: During pregnancy, a woman needs more folic acid, protein, calcium and iron. A daily prenatal vitamin can help fill in any gaps. Your health care provider recommends special nutrition if needed due to a health condition such as diabetes.
• Watch your weight: Gaining the right amount of weight can support your baby’s health – and make it easier to shed the extra pounds after delivery. Work with your health care provider to determine what’s right for you.
• Avoid risk substances: Smoking, alcohol and illegal drugs are off-limits. Get your health care provider’s affirmation before you start – or stop – taking any medications or supplements.

It is possible to have a healthy baby even in case of high-risk pregnancy. However, it is vital to seek expert guidance and supervision throughout such a pregnancy. It is important to complete the course of medicines suggested by the expert. Stopping the medications without the prior approval of the expert can be harmful to you, the baby or both.

IVF is a treatment method infertility or if there are existent health/genetic issues in one of the partners. IVF is generally suggested in the following cases:

• Fallopian tube damage or blockage:
  The fallopian tubes are the tubes which connect the ovaries to the uterus. If there is a damage or blockage in the fallopian tube, the eggs are unable to travel to uterus making the fertilisation of eggs difficult.
• Ovulation disorders:
  If a woman suffers from infrequent or absence of ovulation, fewer eggs become available for fertilisation leading to failed pregnancies
• Premature ovarian failure:
  Sometimes, the ovaries lose their normal functioning before 40. Such a condition is termed as a premature ovarian failure which also hinders the process of fertilisation.
• Endometriosis:
  Endometriosis is the condition in which the tissue that is present in the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus — often affecting the function of the ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes.
• Fibroids:
  Fibroids are composed of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissues in the wall of the uterus. Fibroids interfere with implantation of the fertilised egg.
• Unexplained infertility:
  In a few cases, the reasons or causes remain elusive despite the investigation.
• A genetic disorder:
  If you or your partner is at risk of passing on a genetic disorder to your child, you can choose an IVF procedure to avoid it. In IVF, after fertilisation, the embryo can be screened for specific genetic disorders. The embryo detected with genetic disorders are discarded and others are transferred to the uterus. This is helpful in eliminating the genetic disorders in your offsprings.

Steps in an IVF process:

While each health care institute may differ in the actual procedures, the following are the major steps involved in an IVF cycle:

1. Ovarian stimulation through hormone therapy
   Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are injected in the body of a woman to stimulate the production of eggs. In a normal cycle, only one egg is produced per cycle. But with an IVF cycle, the ovary is stimulated to produce more than one eggs.
2. Collection of eggs
   The eggs generated in the previous step are harvest through a modern ultrasound technology. The woman is sedated during the process, and a needle is passed through the vagina to collect the eggs from the ovaries
3. Collection of a sperm sample
   The sperm sample is collected on the same day as the collection of eggs
4. In vitro fertilisation
   The collected eggs and sperms are combined in a lab with a controlled environment.
5. Transferring the fertilised egg to the uterus

Healthy embryos are identified and transferred using a catheter through the uterine cavity into the uterus.

The following checkup is done after 2 weeks days to determine the pregnancy status.

FAQs of IVF:

Listed below are a few frequently asked questions about IVF:

How long does it take from start to finish for IVF procedure?
It commonly takes between four to eight weeks to complete one cycle of IVF. You will have to wait for a couple of weeks for the eggs to mature. After this, you and your partner will have to spend about half a day or so at the hospital to have your eggs retrieved and fertilised.

How long does it take to get pregnant with IVF?
It generally takes about two weeks for your ovaries to be stimulated for it to produce follicles. When the ovulation begins, the insemination is performed. In IVF, the fertilisation process takes between four to six weeks prior to egg retrieval. After fertilisation, the embryos are then transferred into the woman, anywhere from three-five days later

What are the side effects of IVF?
Some of the side effects of IVF may include:

• Mild bloating
• Breast tenderness
• Mild cramping
• Constipation
• Passing small amount of fluid (may be clear or blood-tinged) after the IVF procedure

What is the success rate of in vitro fertilisation?
Ans. Age plays a crucial factor in the IVF procedure to be successful. While younger women have a higher success rate, an older woman with fewer eggs and lower quality of eggs have lesser chances. In fact, IVF success rate for women under 35 yrs is 40%.

Treatments

We offer the finest comprehensive care for women, from primary obstetrical and gynecological health care to advanced techniques, all under one roof. Accurate foetal screening and diagnosis allow the doctors to find out and fulfil the unique and special needs of newborns in the womb (in-utero). All diseases and disorders of female reproductive organs, such as the uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, ovaries, and vagina, are treated by our experts. Ultrasound photos of excellent quality give an accurate report on foetal development throughout pregnancy as well as an opportunity for expectant parents to see their baby. We have access to world-class facilities that allow us to provide the best treatment to women in all phases of their lives.

• Complicated pregnancy.
• Miscarriage.
• Implantation bleeding.
• Chorionic hematoma.
• Vaginal bleed.
• Cervical bleed.
• Cervical cancer.
• Colposcopy and Hysteroscopy.
• Cysts in the female reproductive organ and removal.
• Laparoscopy surgery of the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
• Uterus fibroids.
• Sexually transmitted infections.
• Urinary incontinence.
• Problems with menstruation.
• Diagnosis and treatment of cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, uterus, or ovary
• Abnormal Vaginal Discharge.
• Adenomyosis.
• Amenorrhea.
• Cervical Cancer.
• Dyspareunia.
• Endometrial cancers.
• Endometriosis.
• Fibroids.
• Menopause.
• Menorrhagia.
• Menstrual Disorders.
• Ovarian cancer.
• Ovarian Cysts.
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).
• Pelvic Organ Prolapse.
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
• Rectocele.
• Urinary Incontinence.
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTI).
• Vaginal Bleeding.
• Vaginitis.

Facilities

• For expectant mothers, OMNI Hospital offers ‘ParentCraft’ classes. These programs educate moms about nutrition and diet. The ladies are also given workout and lifestyle suggestions to follow during their pregnancy. These recommendations assist expecting moms in avoiding unanticipated difficulties.
• Maternity care covers high-risk pregnancies with gestational diabetes, late age pregnancy, hypertension, and any other related problems.
• Hysteroscopy
• Abdominal surgery like total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH)
• Daycare

Our Team

1. Dr. Sridevi Nellimarla
2. Dr.M.N.V. Pallavi
3. Dr. Padmaja Subrahmanyam
4. Dr.A.Madhavi
5. Dr.R. Padma Kumari

Testimonials

I had trouble conceiving and I have tried and exhausted all possible ways. When I and my husband were on the verge of giving up our dream of becoming parents. Our friend has suggested visiting a gynaecologist at Omni. We have started our journey here and everything is going well now.

I had been consulting with doctors at Omni since my first pregnancy. They have assisted me in both my pregnancies successfully. Thank you for your excellent support and care Omni hospitals.

As it was my first pregnancy I was scared and there were lots of dos and dont’s that I kept hearing around me. However, from my first consultation at Omni, the doctor made sure that I was comfortable and well-taken care of. The doctor explained all the details patiently and made my pregnancy journey easy.

I was experiencing complicated pregnancy and my doctor was highly supportive and stood by my side throughout my pregnancy journey. I was really worried about my baby’s health. But the doctor has made sure that both I and my baby are healthy and I gave birth to a healthy child. Thank you, doctor, for your guidance & support.ర్. 

 Ref- Apollo, Max cure, Omni.

Pregnancy is a unique time full of excitement and anticipation. But for expectant mothers going through the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), worry, fear and uncertainty are shadowing this special time.

Here is an excerpt by Dr MNV Pallavi, Chief Gynaecologist, Dept. of Gynaecology, Giggles by OMNI RK.

Is it safe to continue prenatal check-ups?

Many expectant mothers are scared of going for appointments and at the same time, they are taking precautions, such as staying at home and practicing social distancing when they are outside. A lot of adaptations are happening throughout the world where midwives are doing clinics and telemedicine is emphasised, such that actual diagnosis of the baby and the growth of the baby appointment can be short. Pregnant women are following this trend to protect themselves and the healthcare professional from getting infected. Many modifications may be done for individual patients depending on their respective conditions, i.e. lower and. higher-risk pregnancies.

After the birth of the child, it is important to continue receiving expertise support and guidance, with routine immunisations. It is advised that the mothers should find out what are the options available for them from and their healthcare professional for the safety of them and baby.

If a woman has coronavirus disease (COVID19) will it pass to her baby?

It is still not known whether the virus can be transmitted from a mother to her baby during pregnancy. “The COVID19 virus has not been found in vaginal fluid, in the cord blood or breastmilk,” and till date, COVID-19 has also not been traced in amniotic fluid or the placenta.

The best thing is to take all necessary precautions to prevent contracting the COVID-19 virus. However, if a woman is pregnant or has just given birth and fell ill, then they should seek medical care immediately and follow the instructions from the health care provider.

Is giving birth in a hospital or healthcare clinic still a good option?

Women should ask their health care professional about which is the safest place for them and what precautions are
being taken and it all depends on the woman's current situation and on the healthcare system.

In certain high-income countries, they have a system where home birth is integrated within the system and is considered safe but that is certainly not the same for most countries. So the safest and important option for a woman is to speak to the healthcare professional who is supporting you throughout your pregnancy and birth.

Can the woman's husband or family member be nearby when she gives birth?

Policies vary from country to country. It is suggested that pregnant women should have someone nearby to support
them, with proper precautions, such as wearing a mask while in the delivery room and washing their hands. It has been found that in certain countries people are not being allowed to be with women. It is done to minimise contact of people with the woman while she is giving birth and it is very logical, but be sure that the woman has someone, (one
person) with her while she's giving birth - her partner, her sister, her mother, (closest person of her choice).

Being compassionate and understanding each situation and that the healthcare professionals together with the family members are doing their best, is the most important thing.

How to cope with feelings of anxiousness about giving birth?

Having a specific plan for childbirth helps ease the feelings of anxiety and having an assurance of control, but knowing the current situation means there may be less predictability depending where the patient stays., which includes whom to call when the labour begins, who will provide support during labour and where. Knowing about what restrictions will be in place for hospital birth regarding support people and family members.

Doing simple things at home to relax, like doing stretching exercises, breathing exercises and calling your healthcare
professional if needed. The focus should be on self-care, as much as possible.

By Dr MNV Pallavi

Chief Gynaecologist, Dept. of Gynaecology

Giggles by OMNI RK

Q. What is PCOS?

Q. What are the symptoms of PCOS?

Q. What are the ways in which PCOS can be diagnosed?

Q. What are the causes of PCOS?

Q. What is the prevalence of PCOS?

Q. What are some changes one can make to avoid PCOS while planning for pregnancy?

• Maintaining a healthy weight — even a 5 to 10% loss in weight has been shown to Significantly increase the chance of becoming pregnant
• Eating healthy
• Exercising regularly
• Monitoring ovulation and timing sexual intercourse around ovulation

Q. Is there a specific age group for PCOS to occur?

Q. What defect does PCOS have on fertility?

Q. What are the short term and long term effects of PCOS?

Q. What is Sleep Apnea and its link to PCOS?

• Excessive sleepiness during waking hours
• Attention problems
• Chronic snoring
• Episodes of ceased breathing while asleep (witnessed by another person)

Q. Does PCOS cause cancer?

Q. What are the cardiovascular risks involved with PCOS?

Q. Why is the quality of life reduced in PCOS?

Q. What is the solution to PCOS?

Q. Can birth control pills be used to treat PCOS?

Q. What can one do to control excessive hair growth while suffering from PCOS?

Q. What is the effect of PCOS on diabetes?

Q. What is meant by lifestyle modification while suffering from PCOS?

Q. What happens if PCOS is left untreated?

Q. Is PCOS typical to only females?

Q. What is considered to be an ideal diet during PCOS?

Q. What is the importance of exercise during PCOS?

Q. What are the steps one can take for infertility during PCOS?

Q. How can one avoid passing PCOS to the next generation?

Q. What is the difference between open surgery and laparoscopic surgery?

Q. Is a hernia a rare condition?

Q. What are the types of hernia?

Q. How is a hernia diagnosed?

Q. Are all hernias treated by surgery or can they be cured with medicines? Can they heal on their own?

Q. Are hernias more common in females?

Q. Which is better - laparoscopy or open surgery?

Q. What are the limitations for hernia surgery?

Q. What common symptoms appear?

Q. Can hernias occur again?

Q. What diet and precautions can prevent a hernia?

Q. What happens after the diagnosis of a hernia?

Q. Sometimes the mesh causes an allergy or an infection. What is the best solution?

Q. After surgery, what precautions should be taken so that there is no infection?

Q. What are the complications of a hernia?

Q. How many days will it take to recover after surgery?

Q. If untreated, can a hernia become dangerous or life-threatening?

The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at OMNI Hospitals has been established with an aim to provide world-class care and solutions to a wide gamut of medical problems from minor to serious nature. The department takes care of each woman throughout her journey into womanhood from teenage years till she reaches menopause.

The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology has a committed team of qualified specialists, well-trained nurses and the latest equipment to handle matters of pregnancies that could include late maternal age, complications like stillbirth, miscarriage issues, pre-existing medical problems such as high blood pressure, diabetes and others. Consult the best gynaecologist in Vizag.

The department of gynaec-laparoscopy surgery deals with every form of gynaecological disorders that a woman might face at any point of her life like cases of endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts and uterine fibroids or polyps. All of these can be treated with laparoscopic surgeries.

OMNI Hospital offers ‘Parent Craft’ classes for expectant mothers. The classes guide mothers on diet and nutrition. The women are also provided with guidelines for exercise and lifestyle that need to be followed during the duration of the pregnancy. These guidelines help expectant mothers avoid unforeseen complications.

Sub Specialities

• Complicated pregnancy
• Miscarriage
• Implantation bleeding
• Chorionic hematoma
• Vaginal bleed
• Cervical bleed
• Cervical cancer
• Colposcopy and hysteroscopy
• Cysts in the female reproductive organ and removal
• Laparoscopy surgery of the ovaries and fallopian tubes
• Uterus fibroids
• Sexually transmitted infections
• Urinary incontinence
• Problems with menstruation
• Diagnosis and treatment of cancers of cervix, vagina, vulva, uterus or ovary

Listen to Dr Padmaja Subrahmanyam, best gynaecologist in Hyderabad, at OMNI Hospitals Kukatpally, talking about various woman health issues, their causes and other lesser-known facts about the gynaecological issues.